Apparatus for waving hair



Original Filed Sept; 18, 1923 Z SheetS-Shee'c 1 A ORNEY e t. S p 1927 F. R. MARCEL APPARATUS FOR WAVING HAIR Original Filed Sept. is, 1923 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 van- 2% E ATTORNEY 45 among other. things, -'s to provide a heater In. the drawings forming-partof this up,

srA'rEs; rArEN gors'nnnn mnnonn, or naoomwn, new "roan;

larnanarus non wavnve nara. Application filed September 18, 1923, Serial No. 663,418. Renewed September at, 1926.

My present invention relates to hair wavgenerate heat suiiicient to vaporize all of ing devices and while it is adapted for use the moisture in or around the hair and [30 generally in waving; hair, its greatest usewhich will carry this heating operation pn .fulness is in producing what is known as a in the most efficient manner and when the permanent wave in the human hair. Heremoisture has been entirely vaporized and tofore it has been common practice in prodriven oil the electric current will cease to ducing the permanent Wave to twist. a lock flow through the heater so thatthe heating 55 of hair around a rod or curler, to then either process is automatically arrested when the directly apply a chemical to the hair or. else hair has been fully baked. The present dewrap a cloth or paper covering on the hair vice is not only adapted for use by proteswhich covering contained a chemical, and to sional hair dressers but it is also adapted wet the same, enclose these in a paper confor use by the public generally. In using tainer and then apply over the whole an the present device a woman may twist a lock electric heater. When the current was passed of hair around the curler and suppl the through the electric heater, the heat genernecessary chemical and moisture an enated vaporized the chemical and the water close the whole in a tube if desired, place and this, together with the heat, set or made the heater over the lock of hair and curler, permanent the wave in the hair.' In this turn on the current, and await the compleprocess, it wasnecessary, in order to make tion of the operation without fear of burn- 2 .the wave permanent, to carry the heating ing the hair. When all of the "moisture has operation to a point where all of the liquid been vaporized and driven oi the electric in or around the hair was completely vapor cur-rent is automatically shut oft because the it! ized and driven oif so that the hair at the circuit during the process is maintained end of theoperation was dry. On the other through the moisture as'a part of the conhand, if the heat were'applied beyond the .ductor between the electrodes. The broad point where the hair was fully dried it often feature of my invention, therefore, resides resulted in burning or scorching the hair. in using the moisture for completing the 75 and sometimes the whole lock of hair was circuit between the electrodes so that when burned completely off the head. If the dethe moisture has been eliminated no current so gree of heat were lowered to a point where can flow and therefore the baking process the hair could not beburned after it became can not be carried to a point where it can fully dried, then the operation was too proinjure the hair. -In the preferred form of 60 longed and the wave would be less permam invention no resistance wire is needed nent. In the operation 'of such heaters it within the heater'which is applied to the was difiicult to carefully watch each lock of hair, as a tube of asbestos may be used for hair during the baking operation, not only an electrode. This will hold sufiicient moisbecause of the number ofsuch heaters in ture for the waving operation and-when the B5 operation [at one time,but also because it moisture has been driven ofi.the asbestos, was necessary to remove the heater, thus losbeing an insulating material, will not coningsome of the heat, but .even when the duct the current'between the two electrodes. heater was removed it was not alwayspossi- The liquid itself will'have suflicient reslstble t0"deter mine the dryness of the hair, anceto the flow of the electric current to especially where it was enclosed in a paper; cause the heat required for vaporizing the tube. Theobject of-my present invention, liquid; t

for -permanent waving which will'be autoplication, r I

matic' in its operations: Bythis, Imean that .Figure 1 is an .-eleva t1on of my improved 96 the electric current'when'- once turned on will heater the-preferred form,

Figure 2 is alongitudinal sectional view thereof, showing the same in actual operation,'

Figure 3 is an'enlarged sectional view taken on the line 3-3 of Figure 2,

Figure 4 is a sectional view taken on the line .1-4; of Figure 2,

' Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view of the electric circuit,

Figure 6 is an elevation, partlyin section, of a modified form of the invention,

Figure 7 is a similar view of the curler used in this form,

Figure 8 is an enlarged sectional view taken on the line 8-8 of Figure 7 and Figure 9 is an enlarged sectional View taken on the line 99 of Figure 7.

I will first describe the form of my invention shown in Figures 1 to 5. In this form I have shown a lock of hair 1 wound around the curling rod 2 and around the lock of hair, close to the head, there is'tied a short tube 3. The heater consists in part of a cylindrical shell 4 which is open at one end to permit it to be placed over the hair and curler and the other end is closed by the screw cap 5 which is provided with apertures 6 to allow the vapor formed within the heater to pass out. Within the cylinder 4 there is Wound or coileda sheet of "absorbent material 7 and for this purpose. I

prefer to use asbestos because it will not only hold the liquid but it is porous and noninfiammable. It will be understood, however-,that I am not limited to the use of this particular material norto the form in which it is used. This roll or coil of asbestos fits closely inside the cylinder 4 and I have shown it extending from the open end 8 of the cylinder to the point 9 which is sulfieiently long to inclose the curler and a lock of hair of any length. I have ranged within this roll or coil of asbestos tube or cylinder 10 which fits closely against the roll of asbestos and 1t is'provided with a number of apertures 11 throughout its surface which will permit vapors .to pass through. This tube forms 'one 'of. the electrodes. of the heater and electrical connection is made.

therewith in the following manner. The cap 5 which closes one endof the cylinder-4 is provided with a plug 12 and through 5 this bushing extend sleeves 13 of insulating. material and within the latter there is held a rod 14 to which isbolted bv the bolt, 15 a .double arm contact spring. One arm 16 of this contact spring projectsint'o the tube 10 and presses against its inner snrfaceto make electrical contact therewith. The other arm 17 of this spring projects between twooj the layers of the asbestos coil 7 and is therefore'iu electrical contact with portions of the coil in addition to the contact made through i he .arm 16. From this it will be apparent that one terminal of the electrical circuit is connected with the inner tube 10 and to the coil of asbestos. There is a metal sleeve 18 surrounding the rod 14, and this projects into the insulated handle 19 and it is'provided with a cap 20" from which latter rojects a wire terminal 21 the latter extendin into the perforated screw cap 20 arranged onthe outer end of the handle. -There is anotherterminal wire22, extending into the cap 20. and this is attached to the sleeve 23 which is in electrical connection through the plug 12 and the cap 5 with the cylinder 4. Thecable 24 running from a suitable socket in some art of an electrical circuit or source of supp y, is provided with small tubes 25 each connected with one of the wires in. the cable. These small tubes slide over the terminal wires 21, 22 to connect the electrodes of the device into the electric circuit. From indicate the con ition existing at all times in the heater. In Figure 5 I have shown a resistance 26 connected in series between the .wires 27, 28, which connect with one of the tubes 25 and this resistance may consist of a coil of resistance wire and a block of insulating material or it may consist of an open air-cooled coil of resistance wire, the particular form of resistancebeing immaterial to the operation of the device. In addition to the fixed resistance, I have shown an ad-' justable resistance 29 connected between the two wires 27 28 and this is to regulate the amount of current flowing through the circuitover and above the current which is passed by the resistance 26. In addition to Operation.

The lock of hair is wound upon the curler and 'if desired the chemical for making the wave permanent may be directly applied to the hair or a wrapping of cloth or paper saturated with the chemical may wound around the hair both of these methods being in general use. The heater is dippedinto a lamp 30 in series turned-on in the electric 1'10 these'resistances, I have shown' a third re-.

-water or other liquid, so that some of it is;

absorbed by thecoil of asbestos 7 the heater 1 off and then there will be no conducting current can pass beapplied to the hair.

. asbestos coil 7 will which the current may of whether the current is socket on the main wires or not. Therefore.

circuit and it flows through the wires 27 the circuit is connected through the spring arms 16, 17 to the inner electrode 10 and the other side of the circuit .is connected to the cylinder 4, which forms the other electrode in the circuit. The water or other liquid held in the asbestos 7 is a partial conductor of electricity and therefore the circuit between the electrodes is completed through this liquid and the current is allowed to flow through the entire circuit. However, the liquid in the asbestos pad is of high resistance' and this causes heat to be generated in the heater, which vaporizes the liquid in the asbestos coil and anyliquid in the chemical The vapors from the asbestos coil pass through the apertures 11 in the tube 10 and pass around and through the hair so that the latter is subjected to the action of the heat and the chemicals which are to fix the wave. Some of the. vapors may pass out of the-open heater and these are deflected away from the head by the tube 3. Some of the vapors may pass out through the openings 6 in the ca 5. When the operation first starts, the lamp 30'will burn more brightly because the at that time have the maximum amount of liquid in it and therefore it will permit thev passage of a greater amount of electricity between the electrodes. As the liquid in the asbestos coil .is gradually vaporized and the vapors are driven 0E, the lamp gradually decreases in brilliancy, due to the decrease in the flow of electricity between the electrodes, so that the lamp, by its decrease in brilliancy, indicates the extent of moisture within the heater and therefore the progress of the operation. When most of the liquid has been vaporized-and driven ofi trom'the asbestos coil the lamp will finally show no light whatever and the current should remain turned on for several minutes after the lamp ceases to show red in the filament. However, the time at this point has beenreached is in no sense critical for the following reason -As the liquid is vaporized and driven off, the point is finally reached where the asbestos coil 7 becomes dry and liquid and the medium through which tween the two electrodes; and when this conditiond's reached the current automatically stops flowing through the circuit regardless turned off at the it is only necessary for the operator to turn on the current at thebeginning of the operation, regulate the currentto suit, conditions, 7

and leavethe current turned on any length heat is further generated in the device-an end of the at home whereas in all former -,dBV1CBS be turned 01f after all of the vapors from the 4 chemicals have been drivenmaterial iG within of time after the filament of the lamp ceases to show red; and the current is automatically cut off when the vapors have been entlrely driven off, so that once the hair is dried, no

no current flows through the circuit. It will be apparent, also, that no resistance wire need be used in the heater and all danger of burning or scorchingthe hair or the head is I entirely eliminated. The switch 33 may be adjusted on the resistance 29 to regulate the flow of current so that the speed of operation of the device may be regulated'to suit conditions. This "simply regulates the flow of current over and above that which fidws through the fixed resistance 26 and the lamp 30. It will be apparent fromthe above description that where the present device is used-in numbers at one time upon the same head, that the operator need give no attention while the several heaters are operating, 7

to the question of whether a particular heater has completed the baking operation,. because when the operation of any particular heater has once been completed, no current can afterwards flow'through the circuit of that heater and therefore the operation is automatically terminated on each heater.

This automatlc'action makes the present device adapted for use by the public generaly or permanent waving there has been considerable danger to the operator and danger of burning the hair where the operator was not especially skilled in the work. With the present mining when the baking operation has been carried to the proper point.

In the form of my invention shown in Figures 6 to 9'inclusive, I have used the curler-as one of .theelectrodes. In this form, the curler- 35 consists'of a metal tube having a number of perforations member on which the lock of hair is wound and it correspondsin function with'the member 2 in the firstform of the invention. The

body of asbestos 37 is inserted in this curler and one of the contact members 38 projectsinto this coil and makes contact therewith.

The other end of this strip 38 projects hedevice no skill is required in deter 36, and this'is the yond the curler.. Another contact member 39 rests against the inner surface of the curler 35 and it has an and projecting be-- yond the same.- I ends of "the members 38, 39. .are properly spaced by insulating material 40. The handle 41 in this instance cable wires 42, {13 the latter being connected with the small tubular connecting membeis 44, 45 which are embedded in the'insulating thehandle'member. The handle member is moved toward the curler and the curler and the terminals 38, 39 slideinto the members 44:, 4 5 and this connects the former in the electric circuit. It will be is connectedwith the Exterior of the curler tha understood that the same resistance members and lamp may be used in connectionwith this form of my invention as shown in relation to the first form. In usin this ,form of the invention the curler is ipped into water or other fluid to moisten the coil 37 and then the lock of hair is wound around the curler and if desired a plain tube 46 may be placed over the lock of hair to confine the heat. It will be understood that the waving chemical is applied to the hair in any of the customary ways and when the handle member 41 isslipped over the terminals 38, 39 and the current is turned on the circuit will be completed through the liquid in the asbestos coil 37. The operation will therefore be the same as in the first form of the invention with the exception that the vapors will be thrown off from within the coil of hair instead of bein generated around the coil of hair. In ot er respects the device will operate automatically the same as the first form.

The method herein described in connection with the apparatus consists broadly of waving hair b means of an electrical heat ing unit in w ich a liquid or moisture of sufiiciently high resistance to cause vaporization completes the circuit between electrodes so that the current is automatically shut off when the-1i uid has been driven 0d.

Having escribed my invention, what I claim is z- 1. A device for treatin an electric heateradaptef hair comprising to be applied to the hair to heat it and including electrodes between which the circuit is adapted to be completed by mpisture of high resistance, whereby. when said moisture has been driven ofi' the circuit will be automatically broken.

' 2. A device for treatin v hair comprising an electric heater adapte to be applied to the hair to heat it and including electrodes and means for holding moisture between said electrodes, the electric circuit between said electrodes being completed by moisture held by said means, whereby when said moisture has'been vaporized and driven 0E thecircuit between said electrodes will be automatically 1m V,

- 3. A; device {for treatin an electric. heater adapte' broken.

hair comprising to be applied to the 'hairto heat itand including electrodes and 'aljbody ofiasb'e stos' for holding moisture and "arranged between 'said electrodes, the

electriccircuit between saidel ectrodes bein completed bymoisture held in said body o asbestos, 1 whereby when said moisture has been-vapdrized-"and fdriven 0d the circuit 7 betweenvsaid' electrodes will be automatically fbrolten. i

I ls.Ajdevice for treating the hair comprising' an electricheater adapted to be applied to the hair to heat it and includin electrodes, and a body of absorbent material for adapted to be placed over' aeea'rse holding moistureand arranged between said electrodes, the-electric circuit between said electrodes being completed by moisture held in sai absorbent material whereby, when said isture has been vaporized and driven oh", the circuit between said electrodes will be automatically broken, said absorbent material beingarranged whereby the vapors from the moisture thereinJWill be applied to the hair.

5. A device for treating hair comprising an electric heater including a tubular body adapted to be placed overa lock of hair, said body including electrodes and a body of moisture holding material between said electrodes.

6. A device for treating hair comprising an electric heater including a tubular body a lock of hair, said body comprising an outer, cylindrical shell and an inner cylindrical member forming electrodes, and a body of moisture holding material between said shelland'said inner cylindrical member, the circuit between said e ectrodes being completed between said electrodes by the moisture in said body of moistur holding material. 4

7. A device for treating hair comprising an electric heater including a tubular body adapted to be placed overa lock of hair, said body comprising an outer cylindrical shell and an inner, perforated cylindrical member, forming electrodes, and a body of moisture holding material between said electrodes, the circuit between said electrodes being completed by the moisture in said body of moisture holding material.

8. A device for treating hair com rising an electric heater including outer an inner tubular members, a body of asbestos-between said tubular members for holding moisture, the electric circuit in'said heater being completed' through the moisture in said body of asbestos, whereby the electric circuit will be bg oken when sald moisture has been driven o 9. A device for treatin an electric heater adapted to be applied to the hair to heat it, including electrodes, means interposed between said electrodes for holding moisture whereby the electric circuit between said electrodes will be completed through the moisture, and means associated with the circuit for indicating whether current is flowing in the circuit.

*10. device for treating hair comprising an electric heater adapted to be applied to hair comprising the hair to heat it, including electrodes, 1

may be determined from the exterior of said heaterwhen the moisture has been driven off.

11. A device for treating hair comprising an, electric heater adapted to be applied to the hair to heat it and including electrodes I and a body of absorbent material arranged,

between said electrodes, the electric. circuit between said electrodes being completed by FRANQOIS RENE MARCEL. 

